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First draft prepared by Drs Christine Melber, Janet Kielhorn, and Inge Mangelsdorf, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hanover, Germany. Published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organization, and the World Health Organization, and produced within the framework of the Inter- Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals. World Health Organization. Geneva, 2. 00. 4The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), established in 1. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the International Labour Organization (ILO), and the World Health Organization (WHO). The overall objectives of the IPCS are to establish the scientific basis for assessment of the risk to human health and the environment from exposure to chemicals, through international peer review processes, as a prerequisite for the promotion of chemical safety, and to provide technical assistance in strengthening national capacities for the sound management of chemicals. The Inter- Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC) was established in 1. UNEP, ILO, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, WHO, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, the United Nations Institute for Training and Research, and the Organisation for Economic Co- operation and Development (Participating Organizations), following recommendations made by the 1. UN Conference on Environment and Development to strengthen cooperation and increase coordination in the field of chemical safety. The purpose of the IOMC is to promote coordination of the policies and activities pursued by the Participating Organizations, jointly or separately, to achieve the sound management of chemicals in relation to human health and the environment. ![]() WHO Library Cataloguing- in- Publication Data. Coal tar creosote.(Concise international chemical assessment document ; 6. Coal tar - toxicity 2. Creosote - toxicity 3. Risk assessment 4. Environmentalexposure 5. Occupational exposure I. International Programme on Chemical Safety. II. Series. ISBN 9. LC/NLM Classification: QV 6. ISSN 1. 02. 0- 6. World Health Organization 2. All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from Marketing and Dissemination, World Health Organization, 2. Avenue Appia, 1. 21. Geneva 2. 7, Switzerland (tel: +4. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications — whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution — should be addressed to Publications, at the above address (fax: +4. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The World Health Organization does not warrant that the information contained in this publication is complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damages incurred as a result of its use. Risk assessment activities of the International Programme on Chemical Safety, including the production of Concise International Chemical Assessment Documents, are supported financially by the Department of Health and Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs, UK, Environmental Protection Agency, Food and Drug Administration, and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, USA, European Commission, German Federal Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Health Canada, Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, and the Swiss Agency for Environment, Forests and Landscape. Technically and linguistically edited by Marla Sheffer, Ottawa, Canada, and printed by Wissenchaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mb. H, Stuttgart, Germany. TABLE OF CONTENTSFOREWORD1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY1. Identity, physical/chemical properties, and analytical methods. Sources of human and environmental exposure. Environmental transport, distribution, and transformation. Environmental levels and human exposure. Comparative kinetics and metabolism in laboratory animals and humans. Effects on laboratory mammals and in vitro test systems. Effects on humans. General population. Occupational exposure. Effects on other organisms in the laboratory and field. Risk evaluation. 2. IDENTITY, PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, AND ANALYTICAL METHODS2. Identity and physical/chemical properties of coal tar creosote. Physical/chemical properties of the individual components of creosote. Vapour pressure. 2. Solubility and Kow values. Other physical/chemical properties. Analysis. 2. 3. 1 "Pure" (undiluted) creosote. Air monitoring. 2. Creosote vapours. Occupational air monitoring. Water samples. 2. Sediment samples. Soil samples. 2. 3. Wood samples. 2. 3. Biological materials. Biological monitoring. Pyrenol. 2. 3. 8. Naphthol. 3. SOURCES OF HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE3. Natural sources. 3. Anthropogenic sources. Processes and production levels. Processes. 3. 2. 1. Production levels. Uses. 3. 2. 2. 1 Wood uses. Non- wood uses. 3. Release into the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT, DISTRIBUTION, AND TRANSFORMATION4. Transport and distribution between media. Air. 4. 1. 2 Water and associated sediments. Volatilization from water. Distribution within aquatic systems. Soil. 4. 1. 3. 1 Volatilization from soil. Transport within soil. Biota. 4. 2 Transformation. Biodegradation/biotransformation. Microbial organisms. Other organisms. 4. Abiotic degradation. Photodegradation. Hydrolysis. 4. 3 Bioaccumulation and biomagnification. Aquatic organisms. Terrestrial organisms. Ultimate fate following use. ENVIRONMENTAL LEVELS AND HUMAN EXPOSURE5. Environmental levels. Air. 5. 1. 2 Water. Groundwater. 5. 1. Surface waters. 5. Sediment and soil. Sediment. 5. 1. 3. Soil. 5. 1. 4 Food. Other products. 5. Biota. 5. 2 General population exposure. Exposure data. 5. Monitoring of human fluids/tissues. Occupational exposure. Workplace data. 5. Air concentrations. Skin exposure. 5. Monitoring body fluids of workers. Estimations of exposure. COMPARATIVE KINETICS AND METABOLISM IN LABORATORY ANIMALS AND HUMANS6. Absorption. 6. 2 Distribution. Metabolic transformation. Elimination and excretion. Retention and turnover. Interactions with cellular components. EFFECTS ON LABORATORY MAMMALS AND IN VITRO TEST SYSTEMS7. Single exposure. 7. Short- and medium- term exposure. Long- term exposure and carcinogenicity. Irritation and sensitization. Reproductive and developmental toxicity. Effects on fertility. Developmental toxicity. Endocrine disruption. Mutagenicity and related end- points. In vitro assays. 7. In vivo assays. 7. Creosotes. 7. 6. 2. General results for class components. Other studies. 7. Cytotoxicity and photocytotoxicity. Induction of microsomal enzymes and related effects. Effects on intercellular communication. Factors modifying toxicity, and toxicity of metabolites. Mechanisms of toxicity / mode of action. EFFECTS ON HUMANS8. General population. Acute toxicity and poisoning incidents. Epidemiological studies. Occupational exposure. Acute toxicity and poisoning incidents. Case reports and epidemiological studies. Non- cancer effects. Cancer. 9. EFFECTS ON OTHER ORGANISMS IN THE LABORATORY AND FIELD9. Laboratory experiments. Microorganisms. 9. Aquatic organisms. Plants. 9. 1. 2. 2 Invertebrates. Vertebrates. 9. 1. Terrestrial organisms. Plants. 9. 1. 3. 2 Invertebrates. Vertebrates. 9. 2 Field observations. Microorganisms. 9. Water. 9. 2. 1. 2 Soil. Aquatic organisms. Plants. 9. 2. 2. 2 Invertebrates. Vertebrates. 9. 2. Outdoor microcosm studies with plankton and fish. Terrestrial organisms. EVALUATION OF HUMAN HEALTH RISKS AND EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT1. Evaluation of human health risks. Exposure. 10. 1. 2 Hazard identification. Dose–response analysis. Uncertainties in the risk evaluation. Evaluation of effects on the environment. Environmental levels and fate (exposure evaluation)1. Hazard evaluation. Aquatic environment. Terrestrial environment. Risk evaluation. 10. Aquatic environment. Terrestrial environment. PREVIOUS EVALUATIONS BY INTERNATIONAL BODIESREFERENCESAPPENDIX 1 — ANALYSIS OF THE DERMAL CARCINOGENIC POTENCY OF CREOSOTEAPPENDIX 2 — IPCS CONSULTATIVE GROUP MEETING ON CREOSOTEAPPENDIX 3 — CICAD PEER REVIEWAPPENDIX 4 — FINAL REVIEW BOARDAPPENDIX 5 — ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMSINTERNATIONAL CHEMICAL SAFETY CARDRÉSUMÉ D’ORIENTATIONRESUMEN DE ORIENTACIÓNFOREWORDConcise International Chemical Assessment Documents (CICADs) are the latest in a family of publications from the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) — a cooperative programme of the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Labour Organization (ILO), and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). CICADs join the Environmental Health Criteria documents (EHCs) as authoritative documents on the risk assessment of chemicals. International Chemical Safety Cards on the relevant chemical(s) are attached at the end of the CICAD, to provide the reader with concise information on the protection of human health and on emergency action. They are produced in a separate peer- reviewed procedure at IPCS. |
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